1. Other pages in this release
Other commentary from the latest labour market data can be found on the following pages:
Back to table of contents2. Main points
September to November 2021 estimates showed a continuing recovery in the labour market, with an increase in the employment rate and a decrease in the unemployment rate compared with the previous three-month period (June to August 2021).
Total hours worked decreased slightly compared with the previous three-month period and are still below pre-coronavirus pandemic levels, despite the loosening of coronavirus (COVID-19) restrictions.
The UK employment rate was estimated at 75.5%, 1.1 percentage points lower than before the coronavirus pandemic (December 2019 to February 2020), but 0.2 percentage points higher than the previous three-month period (June to August 2021).
The UK unemployment rate was estimated at 4.1%, 0.1 percentage points higher than before the pandemic, but 0.4 percentage points lower than the previous three-month period.
The UK economic inactivity rate was estimated at 21.3%, 1.0 percentage point higher than before the pandemic, and 0.2 percentage points higher than the previous three-month period.
4. Summary
Level/Rate | Change from previous three- month period | Change on year | Change since December 2019 to February 2020 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Employment (000s, aged 16 years and over) | 32,475 | +60 | +171 | -598 |
Employment rate (aged 16 to 64 years) | 75.5% | +0.2pp | +0.5pp | -1.1pp |
Unemployment (000s, aged 16 years and over) | 1,382 | -128 | -356 | +18 |
Unemployment rate (aged 16 years and over) | 4.1% | -0.4pp | -1.0pp | +0.1pp |
Economically inactive (000s, aged 16 to 64 years) | 8,781 | +66 | +133 | +411 |
Economic inactivity rate (aged 16 to 64 years) | 21.3% | +0.2pp | +0.3pp | +1.0pp |
Total weekly hours (millions) | 1,018.7 | -2.6 | +45.3 | -33.5 |
Redundancies (000s, aged 16 years and over, not seasonally adjusted) | 78 | -21 | -323 | -29 |
Redundancy rate (per thousand, aged 16 years and over, not seasonally adjusted) | 2.8 | -0.8 | -11.7 | -1.1 |
Download this table Table 1: September to November 2021 headline measures and changes
.xls .csvFigure 1: September to November 2021 estimates show an increase in the employment and economic inactivity rates compared to the previous three-month period, while the unemployment rate decreased
UK employment, unemployment and economic inactivity rates, seasonally adjusted, between September to November 2006 and September to November 2021
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During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a decrease in the employment rate and increases in the economic inactivity and unemployment rates for both men and women (Figure 2).
During the latest three-month period, which covered the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), there have been increases in the employment rates and decreases in the unemployment rates for both men and women. The increase in the economic inactivity rate compared with the previous three-month period was driven by women, but the inactivity rate for men has also increased and remains above pre-coronavirus rates.
Figure 2: Following large falls over the coronavirus pandemic, the employment rates for men and women continue to show signs of recovery
UK economic status rates by sex, seasonally adjusted, cumulative change from December 2019 to Februrary 2020 for each period up to September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics – Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 2: Following large falls over the coronavirus pandemic, the employment rates for men and women continue to show signs of recovery
Image .csv .xlsYoung people (those aged 16 to 24 years) have been particularly affected by the coronavirus pandemic. The employment rate for this age group has been decreasing and the unemployment and economic inactivity rates increasing by more than levels seen for those aged 25 years and over. During the latest three-month period, however, there was an increase in the employment rate and a decrease in the unemployment rate for young people to below pre-coronavirus rates (Figure 3). The inactivity rate for young people also decreased compared with the previous three-month period.
Figure 3: The employment rate for young people (those aged 16 to 24 years) has increased compared with the previous three-month period, while the unemployment rate for young people has returned to pre-coronavirus levels
UK economic status rates by age (people aged 16 to 24 years and 25 years and over), seasonally adjusted, cumulative change from December 2019 to February 2020, for each period up to September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 3: The employment rate for young people (those aged 16 to 24 years) has increased compared with the previous three-month period, while the unemployment rate for young people has returned to pre-coronavirus levels
Image .csv .xls5. Employment
Following an increase in the employment rate since early 2012, the rate decreased from the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in December 2019 to February 2020. However, there has been an increase since the end of 2020.
The number of part-time workers decreased strongly during the pandemic, but has been increasing since April to June 2021 (Figure 4), driving the increase in employment during the latest three-month period.
Figure 4: Part-time workers continued to increase during the latest three-month period, following large falls during the coronavirus pandemic
UK employment by full-time and part-time workers (people aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, cumulative change from September to November 2016, for each period up to September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 4: Part-time workers continued to increase during the latest three-month period, following large falls during the coronavirus pandemic
Image .csv .xlsHours worked
Total actual weekly hours worked in the UK have been increasing since the relaxation of coronavirus lockdown measures, but has now decreased slightly compared to the previous three-month period. Total actual weekly hours worked decreased by 2.6 million hours compared with the previous three-month period, to 1.02 billion hours in September to November 2021 (Figure 5). It is still 33.5 million below pre-coronavirus levels (December 2019 to February 2020).
Figure 5: Total actual weekly hours worked decreased during the latest three-month period, the first decrease since the latest relaxation of coronavirus restrictions
UK total actual weekly hours worked (people aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, between September to November 2006 and September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 5: Total actual weekly hours worked decreased during the latest three-month period, the first decrease since the latest relaxation of coronavirus restrictions
Image .csv .xls6. Unemployment
The unemployment rate had generally been falling since late 2013 until the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic from December 2019 to February 2020. It has increased since then, but has fallen since the end of 2020.
Figure 6: The decrease over the latest three-month period in unemployment was driven by those unemployed for up to 12 months
UK unemployment by duration (people aged 16 years and over), seasonally adjusted, between September to November 2016 and September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 6: The decrease over the latest three-month period in unemployment was driven by those unemployed for up to 12 months
Image .csv .xlsThe decrease in unemployment over the latest three-month period was driven by those who were unemployed for up to 12 months, with those unemployed for up to six months decreasing to slightly below pre-coronavirus levels. Those who were unemployed for between 6 and 12 months continued to decrease from the peak reached in early 2021. Long-term unemployment saw the second decrease over a three-month period since May to July 2020 (Figure 6).
The Claimant Count (Experimental Statistics)
There is still uncertainty about interpreting the Claimant Count. This is because of the introduction of Universal Credit and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic (see Section 10). However, the latest figures for December 2021, which follow the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), continued the pattern of falls since March 2021.
Figure 7: The Claimant Count has continued to decrease following the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme
UK Claimant Count, seasonally adjusted, between January 2008 and December 2021
Source: Department for Work and Pensions
Download this chart Figure 7: The Claimant Count has continued to decrease following the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme
Image .csv .xls7. Economic inactivity
Since comparable records began in 1971, the economic inactivity rate has generally been falling. However, it increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
Figure 8: The increase in economic inactivity compared with the previous three-month period was driven by those aged 50 to 64 years
UK economic inactivity by age, seasonally adjusted, cumulative change from September to November 2019, for each period up to September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Download this chart Figure 8: The increase in economic inactivity compared with the previous three-month period was driven by those aged 50 to 64 years
Image .csv .xlsWhile economic inactivity rates for young people increased during the coronavirus pandemic, these have now fallen. The increase in economic inactivity compared with the previous three-month period was driven by those aged 50 to 64 years (Figure 8).
Figure 9: Over the latest three-month period, those who are economically inactive because of long-term sickness and other reasons have increased
UK economic inactivity by reason, (people aged 16 to 64 years), seasonally adjusted, between September to November 2016 and September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics - Labour Force Survey
Notes:
- Discouraged workers are those who are not looking for work because they believe no jobs are available.
- Other reasons for being economically inactive include those who are waiting for the results of a job application; have not yet started looking for work; do not need or want employment; have given an uncategorised reason for being economically inactive; or have not given a reason for being economically inactive.
Download this chart Figure 9: Over the latest three-month period, those who are economically inactive because of long-term sickness and other reasons have increased
Image .csv .xlsThe increase in economic inactivity since the start of the coronavirus pandemic (December 2019 to February 2020) was largely driven by those who are economically inactive because they are students or for “other” reasons (Figure 9). While those who are inactive because they are students continued to decrease compared with the previous three-month period, the increase in inactivity in the latest three-month period was driven by those who are inactive because of long-term sickness, because of “other” reasons, and because they are temporarily sick.
The number of economically inactive people who stated that they wanted a job increased in the early stages of the pandemic but has since fallen to a record low.
Back to table of contents8. Redundancies
In September to November 2021, reports of redundancies in the three months prior to our interview decreased by 0.8 per thousand compared with the previous three-month period to a record low of 2.8 per thousand employees (Figure 10).
Figure 10: The redundancy rate decreased to a record low following the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme
UK redundancy rate (people aged 16 years and over), not seasonally adjusted, between September to November 2006 and September to November 2021
Source: Office for National Statistics
Notes:
- Redundancy rate is the ratio of the redundancy level to the number of employees in the previous quarter, multiplied by 1,000.
Download this chart Figure 10: The redundancy rate decreased to a record low following the end of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme
Image .csv .xls9. Employment in the UK data
Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity by age group (seasonally adjusted)
Dataset A05 SA | Released 18 January 2022
Employment, unemployment, economic activity and inactivity by age group (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households.
Full-time, part-time and temporary workers (seasonally adjusted)
Dataset EMP01 SA | Released 18 January 2022
Full-time, part-time and temporary workers (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households.
Actual weekly hours worked (seasonally adjusted)
Dataset HOUR01 SA | Released 18 January 2022
Actual weekly hours worked (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households.
Unemployment by age and duration (seasonally adjusted)
Dataset UNEM01 SA | Released 18 January 2022
Unemployment by age and duration (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households.
Economic inactivity by reason (seasonally adjusted)
Dataset INAC01 SA | Released 18 January 2022
Economic inactivity (aged 16 to 64 years) by reason (seasonally adjusted). These estimates are sourced from the Labour Force Survey, a survey of households.
10. Glossary
Actual and usual hours worked
Statistics for usual hours worked measure how many hours people usually work per week. Compared with actual hours worked, they are not affected by absences and so can provide a better measure of normal working patterns. For example, a person who usually works 37 hours a week but who was on holiday for a week would be recorded as working zero actual hours for that week, while usual hours would be recorded as 37 hours.
Workers temporarily absent from a job as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic would still be classed as employed; however, they would be employed working no hours. This has directly affected estimates of total actual hours worked during the pandemic. Since the average actual weekly hours are the average of all in employment, those temporarily absent from a job also affected these estimates.
Economic inactivity
People not in the labour force (also known as economically inactive) are not in employment, but do not meet the internationally accepted definition of unemployment. This is because they have not been seeking work within the last four weeks and/or are unable to start work in the next two weeks. The economic inactivity rate is the proportion of people aged 16 and 64 years who are not in the labour force.
Employment
Employment measures the number of people in paid work or who had a job that they were temporarily away from (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). This differs from the number of jobs because some people have more than one job. The employment rate is the proportion of people aged 16 and 64 years who are in employment.
Workers furloughed under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), or those who are self-employed but temporarily not in work, have a reasonable expectation of returning to their jobs after a temporary period of absence. Therefore, they are classified as employed under the International Labour Organization definition.
A more detailed explanation is available in our Guide to labour market statistics.
Claimant Count
The Claimant Count is an Experimental Statistic that measures the number of people who are receiving a benefit principally for the reason of being unemployed. Currently the claimant count consists of those receiving Jobseekers' Allowance, and Universal Credit claimants in the "searching for work" conditionality group.
Redundancies
The redundancy estimates measure the number of people who were made redundant or who took voluntary redundancy in the three months before the Labour Force Survey interviews. These estimates do not take planned redundancies into consideration.
Unemployment
Unemployment measures people without a job who have been actively seeking work within the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks. The unemployment rate is not the proportion of the total population who are unemployed. It is the proportion of the economically active population (that is, those in work plus those seeking and available to work) who are unemployed.
A more detailed glossary is available.
Back to table of contents11. Measuring the data
This bulletin relies on data collected from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), the largest household survey in the UK.
More quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in the Labour Force Survey (LFS) Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) report.
The LFS performance and quality monitoring reports provide data on response rates and other quality-related issues for the LFS.
Reweighting
LFS responses published from 15 July 2021 have been reweighted to new populations using growth rates from HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC's) Real Time Information (RTI), to allow for different trends during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Our Impact of reweighting on Labour Force Survey key indicators, UK: 2020 articleexplains the reweighting methodology, which gives improved estimates of both rates and levels.
When the recent weighting methodology for LFS was applied, there was a small error in the implementation. When calculating three-month averages for the Pay As You Earn (PAYE) RTI, the months used were the previous three-month average. For example, for the October to December period, the RTI data used were that for September to November. This led to a slight overestimation of the non-UK population by approximately 0.5%. This represents less than half the size of the sampling variability. The size is roughly the same over the quarters of 2020, and the impact on January to December 2020 Annual Population Survey estimates is about 14,000 for EU born, 25,000 for non-EU born and 39,000 for non-UK born. The impact on LFS economic activity estimates at national level is mostly below 0.1% and the impact on rates is less than 0.02 percentage points.
Coronavirus
View a comparison of our labour market data sources and the main differences.
Back to table of contents12. Strengths and limitations
Uncertainty in these data
The estimates presented in this bulletin contain uncertainty.
The figures in this bulletin come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), which gathers information from a sample of households across the UK, rather than from the whole population. The sample is designed to be as accurate as possible, given practical limitations. Results from sample surveys are always estimates, not precise figures. This can have an impact on how changes in the estimates should be interpreted, especially for short-term comparisons.
The data in this bulletin come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), a survey of households. It is not practical to survey every household each quarter, so these statistics are estimates based on a large sample.
As the number of people available in the sample gets smaller, the variability of the estimates that we can make from that sample size gets larger. Estimates for small groups (for example, unemployed people aged 16 to 17 years), which are based on small subsets of the LFS sample, are less reliable and tend to be more volatile than for larger aggregated groups.
In general, changes in the numbers (and especially the rates) reported in this bulletin between three-month periods are small and are not usually greater than the level that can be explained by sampling variability. Short-term movements in reported rates should be considered alongside longer-term patterns in the series and corresponding movements in other sources to give a fuller picture.
Information on the quality of estimates is available in our Labour Force Survey sampling variability table.
Comparability
The data in this bulletin follow internationally accepted definitions specified by the International Labour Organization (ILO). This ensures that the estimates for the UK are comparable with those for other countries.
The annual Reconciliation of estimates of jobs article compares the latest workforce jobs series estimates with the equivalent estimates of jobs from the LFS and is usually published every March. This article has been postponed until we are able to take the latest adjustments to the LFS into account.
Further information is available in A guide to labour market statistics.
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