1. Main points
The Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) 12-month inflation rate was 0.8% in June 2020, up from 0.7% in May 2020; the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) was 0.6% in June 2020, up from 0.5% in May 2020.
Compared with the official CPIH and CPI series, experimental series that update the baskets to remove unavailable items result in an annual growth rate 0.1 percentage points lower than the official rates, at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.
Differences between the official and experimental series are primarily driven by transport services, where seasonal imputation methods used in the official series have negated the impact from international travel (air fares, sea fares and Eurotunnel fares); when these services are excluded in the rescaled basket, their absence has a downward drag on the annual rate of the experimental series.
These series are experimental and should not be used instead of official measures of consumer price inflation. They are based on underlying assumptions about consumption changes because of the coronavirus (COVID-19). Updating the basket of goods and services within the year to consider consumption changes means that the final index value is not consistent over time or with other countries’ official rates.
2. Updating the rescaled basket for June 2020
In May 2020, we explored the impact of the approach taken to calculate the official Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) and the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) series, given the impact of social distancing policies and movement restrictions. We compared it with experimental series looking at what would happen to inflation if we re-weighted the basket for April 2020 so that unavailable items are excluded from these rescaled experimental indices. We also adjusted the weight for fuel as there was evidence to suggest that fuel consumption had fallen considerably in April 2020.
This article updates the rescaled basket analysis using data for June 2020, concentrating only on adjusting for unavailable items, rather than a further adjustment for the fall in fuel consumption. There were 67 unavailable items in the basket for June, down from 74 in May and 90 in April.
Back to table of contents3. Comparing the experimental chain-linked and rescaled series with the official CPIH and CPI series
Tables 1 and 2 show indices, 12-month growth rates and 1-month growth rates for the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) and the Consumer Prices Index (CPI), respectively, under the following scenarios:
- Official published CPIH and CPI series (referred to as “official”)
- Official CPIH and CPI series, chain-linked to May 2020 for consistent comparison with the experimental series (referred to as “chain-link”, for details see Prices economic analysis, quarterly: May 2020)
- CPIH and CPI baskets updated to remove unavailable items and their weight applied proportionately to available items (referred to as “rescaled”)
| June 2020 CPIH | CPIH (2015=100) | Year on Year % | Month on Month % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actual | 108.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Chain-link | 108.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Rescaled | 108.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
Download this table Table 1: Index and growth rate values for CPIH official, chain-link and rescaled
.xls .csv
| June 2020 CPI | CPI (2015=100) | Year on Year % | Month on Month % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Official | 108.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Chain-link | 108.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
| Rescaled | 108.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
Download this table Table 2: Index and growth rate values for adjustments to CPI official, chain-link and rescaled
.xls .csvFigure 1 shows 12-month growth rates for the official series of CPIH from January 2019 to June 2020, and for the chain-linked and rescaled series from March to June 2020. All three series have followed the same trend since March, with the growth rates falling in April and May, and picking up again in June 2020.
Figure 1: 12-month growth rates of the experimental series of CPIH have consistently been lower than the official rate
12-month growth rates of CPIH official, chain-linked and rescaled, UK, January 2019 to June 2020
Source: Office for National Statistics – Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs
Download this chart Figure 1: 12-month growth rates of the experimental series of CPIH have consistently been lower than the official rate
Image .csv .xlsGrowth rates for the rescaled CPIH series have remained around 0.1 percentage points lower than those for the official series throughout. The primary driver of the differences between series lies within the transport division; this difference is explored further in Section 4.
Back to table of contents4. Transport and its effects on the CPIH 12-month growth rate
Figure 2 shows the contribution that different components of transport have made to the 12-month growth rate for the official and experimental series of the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH). The equivalent data for the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) show similar trends and are included in the full dataset.
Figure 2: Rescaling the basket increased the downward contribution of transport to the 12-month growth rate of CPIH
Contributions to the 12-month growth rate of CPIH by component of transport, UK, June 2020
Source: Office for National Statistics – Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs
Download this chart Figure 2: Rescaling the basket increased the downward contribution of transport to the 12-month growth rate of CPIH
Image .csv .xlsCompared with the chain-linked version of the official series (“chain-link”), rescaling the basket to remove unavailable items increases the downward contribution to the 12-month growth rate from transport. This is primarily driven by international travel, a category made up of air fares, sea fares and Eurotunnel fares.
International travel is subject to seasonal price effects and broadly increases throughout the year, peaking in the summer months, with smaller peaks around Easter and Christmas. However, prices were deemed unavailable in April, May and June 2020 as non-essential movement was restricted. In the official series, prices for unavailable seasonal items such as international travel were imputed for April, May and June 2020. This imputation was calculated by applying the all-items annual growth rate to the index values from April, May and June 2019, respectively.
By removing these unavailable seasonal items in our experimental rescaled basket, we remove the rise in prices that generally occurs this time of year, whereas in the official measures the unavailable international travel items are imputed to negate their impact on the headline rate. The contribution to the 12-month growth rate of the rescaled basket, therefore, reflects the fall in prices in the year to March 2020, the last month for which data were available, resulting in a downward contribution to the annual rate.
The difference in the growth rates between the official and experimental series also reflects the impact of increasing the weights of available goods and services, amplifying the effect of their price movements. This is particularly apparent for motor fuels, which made a negative contribution to the 12-month growth rate of the official series in June 2020. Figure 2 shows that the downward contribution to the 12-month growth rate from motor fuels was even more pronounced for the rescaled basket as it has a higher weight.
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