"Figure 3. Unemployment in 2015 as an indicator of male HLE at birth between 2013 and 2015: England’s UTLAs^1^","" "","" "","" "Notes","1. Data is presented for 150 of the 152 upper tier local authorities in England. Isles of Scilly and City of London have been excluded in the HLE data due to small sample numbers. 2. If a line of best fit based on linear regression were to be placed between the data points, it would indicate the gradient in HLE and how HLE varies by level of unemployment rate on average. The strength of this relationship is estimated using R2 which for this relationship has a value of 0.42 (the closer the R2.value is to 1 the stronger the relationship). The line of best fit is constructed using the linear equation y=a+bx, where a represents the average HLE when the unemployment rate equals 0%, b is the slope of the line (the regression coefficient), x is the authority’s unemployment rate and y is the fitted HLE. In this instance a =68.3 and b = -0.99." "Unit","Years" "","" "UTLA name","Male ILO Unemployment rate 2015","Male HLE at birth 2013 to 2015" "Hartlepool","11.7","57.0" "Middlesbrough","10.2","58.8" "Redcar and Cleveland","9.7","59.1" "Stockton-on-Tees","7.0","61.0" "Darlington","6.6","61.8" "Halton","5.8","60.0" "Warrington","5.0","65.4" "Blackburn with Darwen","7.0","58.0" "Blackpool","8.3","56.4" "Kingston upon Hull City of","8.2","56.3" "East Riding of Yorkshire","4.8","62.9" "North East Lincolnshire","7.3","60.8" "North Lincolnshire","3.7","62.1" "York","3.3","65.9" "Derby","7.8","60.9" "Leicester","9.7","59.1" "Rutland","4.2","71.1" "Nottingham","10.2","56.7" "Herefordshire County of","2.8","67.9" "Telford and Wrekin","5.7","59.5" "Stoke-on-Trent","7.3","60.2" "Bath and North East Somerset","3.6","65.0" "Bristol City of","7.1","59.7" "North Somerset","4.0","66.1" "South Gloucestershire","2.6","66.0" "Plymouth","4.4","59.2" "Torbay","4.9","63.1" "Bournemouth","3.8","62.6" "Poole","2.4","66.2" "Swindon","4.1","64.1" "Peterborough","5.7","61.8" "Luton","5.9","62.1" "Southend-on-Sea","7.3","61.5" "Thurrock","7.2","63.9" "Medway","8.8","61.8" "Bracknell Forest","2.2","68.4" "West Berkshire","3.2","68.7" "Reading","5.5","66.4" "Slough","4.0","60.3" "Windsor and Maidenhead","4.2","69.3" "Wokingham","2.3","70.6" "Milton Keynes","6.2","64.1" "Brighton and Hove","6.1","62.4" "Portsmouth","4.5","61.5" "Southampton","6.4","60.9" "Isle of Wight","5.1","63.2" "County Durham","6.9","58.0" "Cheshire East","3.4","65.5" "Cheshire West and Chester","2.3","65.4" "Shropshire","4.3","64.7" "Cornwall","5.1","64.6" "Wiltshire","3.2","64.8" "Bedford","7.4","65.6" "Central Bedfordshire","2.8","64.7" "Northumberland","6.1","63.9" "Bolton","7.7","62.4" "Bury","5.2","60.6" "Manchester","7.9","55.6" "Oldham","9.7","60.3" "Rochdale","8.2","59.2" "Salford","9.3","58.3" "Stockport","6.1","65.0" "Tameside","4.5","56.4" "Trafford","4.3","62.9" "Wigan","5.7","59.3" "Knowsley","6.5","59.1" "Liverpool","9.0","57.4" "St. Helens","8.4","59.4" "Sefton","3.8","61.2" "Wirral","3.8","61.1" "Barnsley","6.8","57.0" "Doncaster","6.5","59.7" "Rotherham","6.5","58.7" "Sheffield","7.8","59.0" "Newcastle upon Tyne","10.7","59.0" "North Tyneside","5.2","60.9" "South Tyneside","8.8","56.8" "Sunderland","10.0","58.8" "Birmingham","10.0","58.4" "Coventry","4.9","62.9" "Dudley","7.5","60.7" "Sandwell","7.7","57.7" "Solihull","5.0","63.8" "Walsall","9.3","58.1" "Wolverhampton","11.3","56.4" "Bradford","11.2","62.9" "Calderdale","5.4","63.4" "Kirklees","4.0","60.8" "Leeds","7.1","61.2" "Wakefield","7.8","58.6" "Gateshead","6.8","57.0" "Barking and Dagenham","9.7","59.8" "Barnet","9.3","68.5" "Bexley","6.7","66.1" "Brent","8.4","64.2" "Bromley","6.7","68.5" "Camden","3.3","63.7" "Croydon","4.5","63.1" "Ealing","5.8","64.1" "Enfield","3.6","68.4" "Greenwich","6.9","61.3" "Hackney","5.7","57.7" "Hammersmith and Fulham","4.9","62.5" "Haringey","6.0","65.0" "Harrow","4.3","69.2" "Havering","5.2","65.8" "Hillingdon","6.6","66.9" "Hounslow","3.6","63.0" "Islington","4.5","60.7" "Kensington and Chelsea","3.6","67.4" "Kingston upon Thames","3.9","67.9" "Lambeth","7.1","59.4" "Lewisham","5.4","60.9" "Merton","3.4","63.2" "Newham","7.6","60.5" "Redbridge","5.1","62.8" "Richmond upon Thames","2.4","68.7" "Southwark","6.7","61.2" "Sutton","2.5","63.2" "Tower Hamlets","7.8","54.0" "Waltham Forest","7.7","59.6" "Wandsworth","4.9","62.6" "Westminster","9.7","64.5" "Buckinghamshire","3.4","69.6" "Cambridgeshire","3.4","65.7" "Cumbria","4.6","62.6" "Derbyshire","4.2","63.5" "Devon","2.3","65.3" "Dorset","2.8","68.0" "East Sussex","5.4","64.1" "Essex","4.0","65.8" "Gloucestershire","3.7","66.2" "Hampshire","3.3","67.2" "Hertfordshire","3.3","64.3" "Kent","3.8","63.8" "Lancashire","3.3","61.8" "Leicestershire","3.1","63.6" "Lincolnshire","5.1","62.9" "Norfolk","3.7","64.5" "Northamptonshire","2.7","65.5" "North Yorkshire","3.0","67.3" "Nottinghamshire","2.5","61.1" "Oxfordshire","2.5","68.7" "Somerset","3.1","65.4" "Staffordshire","4.6","64.4" "Suffolk","3.7","65.1" "Surrey","2.6","68.6" "Warwickshire","1.4","68.0" "West Sussex","2.6","64.6" "Worcestershire","3.0","65.6"