"Figure 8: EU countries' gross domestic expenditure on research and development as a percentage of gross domestic product (R&D intensity), 2017","" "","" "","" "Notes","1. Some EU countries' 2017 estimates taken from the Eurostat website are provisional. 2. \* = data for 2016" "Unit","% of GDP" "","" "","%","Europe 2020 target","Europe 2003 ratio","2017 EU 28" "Sweden","3.33","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Austria","3.16","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Denmark","3.06","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Germany","3.02","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Finland","2.76","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Belgium","2.58","3.00","1.79","2.07" "France*","2.25","3.00","1.79","2.07" "EU (28 countries)","2.07","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Netherlands","1.99","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Slovenia","1.86","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Czech Republic","1.79","3.00","1.79","2.07" "United Kingdom","1.69","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Italy","1.35","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Hungary","1.35","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Portugal","1.32","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Estonia","1.29","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Luxembourg","1.26","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Spain","1.20","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Greece","1.13","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Ireland","1.05","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Poland","1.03","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Lithuania","0.88","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Slovakia","0.88","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Croatia","0.86","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Bulgaria","0.75","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Cyprus","0.56","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Malta","0.55","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Latvia","0.51","3.00","1.79","2.07" "Romania","0.50","3.00","1.79","2.07"