Producer price inflation, UK: March 2015

Changes in the prices of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers including price indices of materials and fuels purchased (input prices) and factory gate prices (output prices).

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Contact:
Email Kat Pegler

Release date:
14 April 2015

Next release:
19 May 2015

1. Main points

  • The price of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers, as estimated by the Producer Price Index, continued to fall in the year to March 2015

  • The output price index for goods produced by UK manufacturers (factory gate prices) fell 1.7% in the year to March 2015, unchanged from last month

  • Factory gate prices rose 0.2% between February and March 2015, unchanged from last month

  • Core factory gate prices, which exclude the more volatile food, beverages, tobacco and petroleum products, rose 0.1% in the year to March 2015, down from a rise of 0.3% in the year to February 2015

  • The overall price of materials and fuels bought by UK manufacturers for processing (total input prices) fell 13.0% in the year to March 2015, up from a fall of 13.5% in the year to February 2015

  • Total input prices rose 0.3% between February and March 2015, compared with a rise of 0.1% between January and February 2015

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2. What is the Producer Price Index (PPI)?

The Producer Price Index (PPI) is a monthly survey that measures the price changes of goods bought and sold by UK manufacturers and provides a key measure of inflation, alongside other indicators such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Services Producer Price Index (SPPI). This statistical bulletin contains a comprehensive selection of data on input and output index series and also contains producer price indices of materials and fuels purchased and output of manufacturing industry by broad sector.

The output price indices measure change in the prices of goods produced by UK manufacturers (these are often called "factory gate prices").

The input price indices measure change in the prices of materials and fuels bought by UK manufacturers for processing. These are not limited to materials used in the final product, but also include what is required by the company in its normal day-to-day running.

Imported Price Indices (IPIs) are a series of economic indicators that measure change in the prices of goods and raw materials imported into the UK. IPIs are a key component of input price indices.

Exported Price Indices (EPIs) are a series of economic indicators that measure change in the prices of goods manufactured in the UK but destined for export markets.

The factory gate price (the output price) reflects the total price received by the manufacturer for a particular product. It includes costs such as labour, raw materials and energy, as well as interest on loans, site and building maintenance or rent.

Core factory gate inflation excludes price movements from food, beverage, tobacco and alcohol, and petroleum products, which tend to have volatile price movements. It should give a better indication of the underlying output inflation rates.

The input price is the cost of goods bought by UK manufacturers for use in manufacturing, such as the actual cost of materials and fuels bought for processing.

Core input inflation strips out purchases from the more volatile food, beverage, tobacco and alcohol, and petroleum industries to give an indication of the underlying input inflation pressures facing the UK manufacturing sector.

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3. Output prices: summary

Factory gate inflation fell 1.7% in the year to March 2015, unchanged from last month. This is the ninth consecutive fall in the annual rate of output inflation, although the rate of deflation has appeared to slow.

The rate of both total output and core inflation has generally been reducing since autumn 2011 when output inflation reached its post-economic downturn high of 5.3% in September 2011. During this period, core factory gate inflation has tended to run at a lower rate and show a smaller degree of volatility than total output. However, since January 2014, core output price inflation has been running at a slightly higher rate: a result of the downward pressures from petroleum which is excluded from the core measure of inflation (Figure A).

Looking at the latest estimates (Table A), movements in factory gate prices over the 12 months to March 2015 were as follows:

  • Factory gate prices fell 1.7%, unchanged from last month

  • Core factory gate prices rose 0.1%, down slightly from a rise of 0.3% in February 2015

  • Factory gate inflation excluding excise duty fell 1.4%, unchanged since January 2015

Between February and March 2015:

  • Factory gate prices rose 0.2%, unchanged from last month

  • Core factory gate prices showed no change, also unchanged from last month

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4. Supplementary analysis: Output prices

Table B shows the annual percentage change in price across all product groups and Figure B shows their contribution to the annual factory gate inflation rate. Table C and Figure C show the same information, but for the monthly factory gate inflation rate.

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5. Output prices: detailed commentary

Factory gate prices fell 1.7% in the year to March 2015, unchanged from last month: the ninth consecutive fall on the index. Prior to July 2014, there has been no fall in the annual rate since October 2009, when it fell 0.1%. The main contributions to the annual rate for March 2015 came from a fall in the price of petroleum and food products (Figure B).

The price index between February and March 2015 rose 0.2%, also unchanged from last month. The main upward contribution in the month came from an increase in petroleum product prices (Figure C).

Petroleum product prices fell 16.7% in the year to March 2015, up from a fall of 19.2% in the year to February 2015. The main contributions to the fall in the annual rate came from diesel and gas oil and unleaded petrol where prices have been falling over the last 12 months. Diesel and gas oil prices fell by 15.3% in the year to March 2015 with unleaded petrol prices falling by 14.3%.

Although petroleum product prices were lower in March 2015 than they were a year ago, prices have increased during the last 2 months. Prices rose 1.7% between January and February 2015 and rose 2.4% between February and March 2015. The current monthly rate of 2.4%, which is the highest rate of inflation for petroleum products since February 2013, is mainly due to an increase in unleaded petrol prices. Unleaded petrol prices rose by 3.3% between February and March 2015, up from a fall of 1.1% last month.

Food product prices fell 2.8% in the year to March 2015, up from a fall of 3.3% in the year to February 2015. This was mainly due to a fall in the price of dairy products, which fell 16.0% in the year to March 2015, down from a fall of 15.8% in the year to February 2015. This is a record fall for dairy product prices (data back to 1997) and is caused by a fall in processed liquid milk prices, which fell by 25.4% in the year to March 2015.

Core factory gate inflation

Core factory gate prices, which exclude the more volatile food, beverages, tobacco and petroleum product prices, giving a measure of the underlying factory gate inflation, rose 0.1% in the year to March 2015. Between February and March 2015, the index showed no change.

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6. Input prices: summary

Since autumn 2011, the inflation price of materials and fuels purchased by UK manufacturing industry (input prices) fell quite rapidly, from annual inflation of around 16% to deflation (prices lower than they were in the same month of the previous year) of around 2% in the middle of 2012 (Figure D). Input price inflation showed a steady but fairly slow increase from October 2012 to July 2013, when it reached 4.7%. From November 2013, prices started to fall, with input prices currently falling by 13.0%. Over this period, core input inflation (purchases by manufacturing industries other than the more volatile food, beverage, tobacco and petroleum industries) fell at similar levels.

Looking at the latest data (Table D), the main movements in the year to March 2015 were as follows:

  • The total input price index fell 13.0%, compared with a fall of 13.5% in the year to February 2015

  • The core input price index saw a fall of 4.5%, compared with a fall of 4.1% last month

  • The price of imported materials as a whole (including crude oil) fell 12.2%, up from a fall of 12.9% last month

Between February and March 2015:

  • The total input price index rose 0.3%, up from a rise of 0.1% last month (Table D)

  • In seasonally adjusted terms, (see Table D) the input price index for the manufacturing industry excluding the food, beverage, tobacco and petroleum industries fell 0.7%, up from a fall of 1.6% last month

Notes for input prices: summary

  1. These indices include the Climate Change Levy (CCL) which was introduced in April 2001

  2. These indices include the Aggregates Levy which was introduced in April 2002

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7. Supplementary analysis: input prices

Table E and Figure E show the percentage change in the price of the main commodities groups over the year and their contributions to the total input index. Table F and Figure F show the same for the monthly input prices.

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8. Input prices: detailed commentary

The overall input index for all manufacturing, that is, the price of materials and fuels purchased by manufacturers, fell 13.0% in the year to March 2015, compared with a fall of 13.5% in the year to February 2015. The main downward contributions to the index came from crude oil (down 40.8% in the year to March 2015) and home-produced food (down 11.7% in the year to March 2015).

The input index rose 0.3% between February and March 2015, up from a rise of 0.1% last month. This rise was caused by an increase in the price of crude oil, which rose by 4.3% between February and March 2015 (see Table F and Figure F).

Crude oil prices fell 40.8% in the year to March 2015, up from a fall of 44.2% last month, 18th consecutive fall in the annual rate. Despite prices falling overall in the last 12 months, crude oil prices increased by 7.9% between January and February 2015 and by 4.3% between February and March 2015. These recent increases in oil prices are a result of disruptions to production and exports from Libya and Iraq.

Home-produced food prices fell to 11.7% in the year to March 2015, up slightly from a fall of 11.8% in the year to February 2015. The annual contribution came from crop and animal production; hunting and related services, which fell 12.3%, compared to a fall of 11.3% in the year to February 2015.

Core input price index (excluding purchases from the food, beverage, tobacco and petroleum industries)

The core input price index, in seasonally adjusted terms, fell 0.7% between February and March 2015. The unadjusted index fell 0.2% between February and March 2015, compared with a fall of 1.4% last month.

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9. Revisions

For this bulletin Reference tables 8R and 9R (229 Kb Excel sheet) highlight revisions to movements in price indices previously published in last month’s statistical bulletin. Revisions are generally a result of changes to the most recent estimates, as more price quotes are received, and revisions to seasonal adjustment factors, which are re-estimated every month.

The headline figures have small revisions which were mainly caused by late data. For more information about the ONS revisions policy see our website.

Revisions to data provide one indication of the reliability of key indicators. Table G shows summary information on the size and direction of the revisions which have been made to the data, covering a 5-year period. A statistical test has been applied to the average revision to find out if it is statistically significantly different from zero. An asterisk (*) shows that the test is significant.

The table presents a summary of the differences between the first estimates, published between December 2007 and January 2015, and the estimates published 12 months later. These numbers include the effect of the reclassification onto SIC 2007.

Spreadsheets giving revisions triangles of estimates for all months from January 1998 through to January 2015 and the calculations behind the averages in the table, are available in the reference table area of our website:

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10 .Background notes

  1. What's new?

    Guidance on using indices in indexation clauses (197 Kb Pdf) has been published on our website. It covers Producer Prices, Services Producer Prices and Consumer Prices.

  2. How are we doing?

    We are constantly aiming to improve this release and its associated commentary. We welcome any feedback and are particularly interested in knowing how you use these data to inform your work. Please email us: ppi@ons.gov.uk.

  3. PPI Methods and guidance

    An up-to-date manual for the Producer Price Index, including the Import and Export Price Index is now available. PPI Methods and Guidance provides an outline of the methods used to produce the PPI as well as information about recent PPI developments.

  4. Changing the way we publish Producer Price datasets

    The two Producer Price datasets called Aerospace and Electronic Cost Indices (MM19) and Producer Price Indices (MM22) are now published on the Producer Price Index webpage, which holds the statistical bulletin reference tables. This is to make all PPI datasets more accessible within one release.

  5. Analysis of Producer Price Indices using standard errors

    We have published an article on the analysis of Producer Price Indices (PPI) using standard errors on 17 June 2014. The article presented the calculated standard errors of the PPI during the period February 2013 to January 2014, for both month-on-month and 12-month growth.

  6. Article about rebasing the PPI and SPPI onto 2010=100

    As previously announced, we have taken forward the rebasing of the PPI onto a 2010=100 basis. The first published data using 2010=100 was released in November 2013. An article describing the results of this assessment was also published on 12 November 2013. If you have any questions or queries regarding the impact of rebasing on PPI data, please contact PPI operations.

  7. Finding PPI data

    All of the data included in this Statistical Bulletin, alongside data for the full range of PPIs, is available in the associated Reference Tables. Also available are the datasets for the Aerospace and Electronic Indices (142 Kb Excel sheet) and the Producer Price Indices (701 Kb Excel sheet) , or these can be downloaded from the time series pages. There are PPI records (89.5 Kb Excel sheet) available which gives the higher, lower and equal to movements for each index. Each PPI has two unique identifiers: a 10 digit index number, which relates to the Standard Industrial Classification code appropriate to the index; and a 4-character alpha-numeric code, which can be used to find series when using the time series dataset for PPI.

  8. Quality and methodology information

    A Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) (95.6 Kb Pdf) paper for the PPI describes in detail the intended uses of the statistics presented in this publication, their general quality and the methods used to produce them.

  9. European comparability

    The UK is required to compile and deliver the output PPI to Eurostat under the Short-Term Statistics Regulation. As a result, all EU countries must produce equivalent series on a comparable basis. Eurostat produce European aggregates for total domestic and export PPI on a gross sector basis and publish a monthly press release. Detailed PPI figures for the UK and the rest of the EU are also published on Eurostat's website.

  10. Relevance to users

    Index numbers shown in the main text of this bulletin are on a net sector basis. The index for any sector relates only to transactions between that sector and other sectors, sales and purchases within sectors are excluded. However, the more detailed figures shown in Reference tables 4 and 6 (229 Kb Excel sheet) are on a gross basis; intra industry sales and purchases are included in each of these indices.

    Indices relate to average prices for a month. The full effect of a price change occurring part way through any month will only be reflected in the following month’s index.

    All index numbers exclude VAT. Excise duty (on cigarettes, manufactured tobacco, alcoholic liquor and petroleum products) are included, except where labelled otherwise. Since PPIs exclude VAT, they are not affected by the increase in the standard rate of VAT to 20% from 4 January 2011.

    The detailed input indices of prices of materials and fuels purchased by industry (Reference table 6) (229 Kb Excel sheet) do not include the climate change levy (CCL). This is because each industry can, in practice, pay its own rate for the various forms of energy, depending on the various negotiated discounts and exemptions that apply.

  11. Common pitfalls in interpreting series

    Expectations of accuracy and reliability in sample surveys are often too high. Revisions and sampling variability are inevitable consequences of the trade-off between timeliness, accuracy and the burden on respondents. Details of sampling variability are included elsewhere in this bulletin.

    Very few statistical revisions arise as a result of "errors" in the popular sense of the word. All estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical "error" but, in this context, the word refers to the uncertainty in any process or calculation that uses sampling, estimation or modelling. Most revisions reflect either the adoption of new statistical techniques or the incorporation of new information which allows the statistical error of previous estimates to be reduced. Only rarely are there avoidable "errors" such as human or system failures, and such mistakes are made quite clear when they are discovered and corrected.

  12. Definitions and explanations

    Definitions found within the main statistical bulletin are listed here:

    Index number

    A measure of the average level of prices, quantities or other measured characteristics, relative to their level, for a defined reference period of location. It is expressed as a percentage above or below, but relative to, the base index of 100.

    Seasonally adjusted

    Seasonal adjustment aids interpretation by removing effects associated with the time of the year or the arrangement of the calendar, which could obscure movements of interest. Seasonal adjustment removes regular variation from a time series. Regular variation includes effects due to month lengths and different activity near particular events, such as bank holidays and leap years.

    Prices

    All characteristics that determine the price of the products, including quantity of units sold, transport provided, rebates, service conditions, guarantee conditions and destination are taken into account.

    The appropriate price is the basic price, which excludes VAT and similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover, as well as all duties and taxes on the goods and services invoiced by the unit. Any subsidies on products received by the producer are added.

    Transport costs are included but only as part of the product specification.

    An actual transaction price and not a list price is given to show the true development of price movements.

    The output price index takes into account the quality changes in products.

    The price collected in period t (time of the order) refers to orders booked during period t, not when the commodities leave the factory gates.

    For output prices on the non-domestic market, the price is calculated at national frontiers, FOB (free on board). This means that the seller pays for transportation of the goods to the port of shipment, plus loading costs, and the buyer pays freight, insurance, unloading costs and transportation from the port of destination to the factory.

    Standard errors

    Standard errors are used to show the difference between an estimated value and the true population value, and are one way of measuring the quality of a price index.

  13. Accuracy

    Figures for the latest 2 months are provisional and the latest 5 months are subject to revisions in light of a) late and revised respondent data, and b) for the seasonally adjusted series; revisions to seasonal adjustment factors are re-estimated every month. A routine seasonal adjustment review is normally conducted in the autumn each year.

  14. Publication policy

    The complete run of data in the tables of this bulletin are also available to view and download in other electronic formats free of charge using the Office for National Statistics Datasets and Reference Table service (if you want the data associated with this bulletin click into Download data in this release option). Users can download the complete release in a choice of zipped formats or view and download their own selections of individual series.

    Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available from the Media Relations Office. A list of the names of those given pre-publication access to the contents of this bulletin is available on the Producer Price Index: Pre-Release Access List.

  15. Following ONS

    Follow us on Twitter and Facebook and receive up-to-date information about our statistical releases.

    View the latest ONS podcasts on YouTube.

  16. Code of practice

    National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. They undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer needs. They are produced free from any political interference and released according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.

    Office e-mail: media.relations@ons.gov.uk.

    Next publication: 19 May 2015

    Media contact:

    Tel: Luke Croydon or David Bradbury on +44 (0)845 6041858

    Emergency on-call: +44 (0)7867 906553

    e-mail: media.relations@ons.gov.uk.

    Statistical contact:

    Tel: Kat Pegler on +44 (0)1633 456468

    e-mail: ppi@ons.gov.uk.

    PPI Enquiries:

    Tel +44 (0)1633 455901 or +44 (0)1633 455941

  17. Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: media.relations@ons.gov.uk

    The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.

    Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics:

    • meet identified user needs
    • are well explained and readily accessible
    • are produced according to sound methods
    • are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest

    Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.

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11 . Methodology

Contact details for this Statistical bulletin

Kat Pegler
business.prices@ons.gov.uk
Telephone: +44 (0) 1633 456468